A Comprehensive Review of Deep Vein Thrombosis: Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Abstract

Background: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a serious vascular condition causing blood clots in deep veins, mainly in the lower limbs, with risks of pulmonary embolism, post-thrombotic syndrome, and chronic venous insufficiency. Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, it remains a global health concern. This review explores its etiology, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, and management strategies. Methods: A systematic review was conducted using PubMed, NIH, CDC, and other medical databases, analyzing peer-reviewed articles, clinical guidelines, and case studies on DVT.

Results and Discussion: DVT results from endothelial damage, venous stasis, and hypercoagulability, increasing the risk of pulmonary embolism. Key risk factors include age, immobility, surgery, cancer, pregnancy, obesity, smoking, and genetic predisposition. Diagnosis involves duplex ultrasonography, D-dimer testing, and CT pulmonary angiography, with the Wells Criteria aiding risk assessment. Treatment includes anticoagulants (LMWH, DOACs, warfarin), with thrombolytics and IVC filters for severe cases. Prevention focuses on mechanical compression, early ambulation, and lifestyle changes to reduce recurrence and improve outcomes.

Conclusion: DVT remains a significant health concern due to its potential complications, including life-threatening pulmonary embolism. Advances in diagnostic imaging and anticoagulant therapy have improved patient outcomes, but challenges remain in optimizing long-term management and recurrence prevention. Future research should focus on personalized treatment approaches, enhanced biomarker identification, and improved prophylactic strategies. A multidisciplinary approach involving early detection, appropriate intervention, and long-term risk management is essential for improving patient prognosis.

Keywords: Deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, thrombolysis