A Comparative Review on Lung Detox from Smoking-Induced Lung damage

Abstract

Smoking induced Lung damage is the multifaceted pathological development, which is compelled by Oxidative stress, Chronic inflammation, epithelial dysfunction and structural remodelling. Although the lungs possess intrinsic self-repair mechanism which, includes mucociliary clearance, alveolar macrophage activations and DNA repair pathways, the degree of lung recovery still remains variable and mostly incomplete, even after smoking cessation. This review thoroughly examines the biological processes which reinforces the lung detox by emphasizing the role of intrinsic anti-oxidant system, pharmacological treatments, regenerative medicines and dietary interventions, in lung recovery. Recent researches indicates that, anti-oxidants such as glutathione, flavonoids, and curcumin can reduce oxidative stress, whereas Ayurvedic and herbal remedies such as Vasaka and Tulsi possesses mucolytic and anti-inflammatory properties. Nevertheless, the clinical translation of these interventions is still relatively underexplored. Furthermore, new stem cell therapies and pulmonary rehabilitation programs have shown promise in improving alveolar regeneration and functional recovery. Despite these advances, long-term epigenetic changes and irreversible structural changes in chronic smokers pose significant challenges. This paper provides a detailed, mechanistic analysis of lung detoxification, addressing current research gaps, translational barriers, and potential therapeutic directions. A multi-targeted approach that includes medical, nutritional, and lifestyle interventions appears to be the most effective strategy for optimising post-smoking lung recovery.