Monoclonal Antibodies in Cancer Therapy: Advances and Challenges

Abstract

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have revolutionized cancer therapy by enabling targeted intervention against specific tumour-associated antigens. Unlike conventional chemotherapy, which affects both malignant and healthy cells, monoclonal antibodies offer specificity, reduced systemic toxicity, and the potential for immune system modulation. This project explores the scientific foundation, mechanisms of action, and clinical applications of monoclonal antibodies in oncology. The report systematically reviews FDA-approved monoclonal antibodies for cancer, evaluates emerging bispecific and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), and highlights breakthroughs in immunotherapy using checkpoint inhibitors. Despite significant progress, the use of mAbs faces several challenges, including tumour heterogeneity, resistance mechanisms, high production costs, and accessibility in low- and middle-income countries like India. This study also addresses regulatory frameworks, Pharmacoeconomics, and future directions involving personalized therapy and next-generation antibody engineering. By critically analysing both advancements and limitations, this report aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of monoclonal antibody-based cancer therapy and its evolving role in precision medicine.

Keywords: Monoclonal antibodies, cancer therapy, targeted therapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, bispecific antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, tumor antigens, oncology, immunotherapy, resistance mechanisms, personalized medicine.