Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research

Avian Influenza (H5N1): A Review on Pathogenesis, Transmission, and Control Measures

2025-03-11T12:51:42+00:00

H5N1 AI remains the primary cause of serious threats to international economies together with human health while maintaining its position as the most virulent variant of avian influenza. The viruses lead to critical poultry epidemics among domestic birds and they can transmit from birds to humans through zoonotic pathways. The viruses predominate in their natural habitat which consists of wild aquatic birds. The virus employs Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) surface glycoproteins to carry out its infection and multiplication through multiple relationships with host cells. Direct contact with infected birds remains the usual mode of transmission and aside from this transmission route, occasional human-to-human transfer has occurred in minimal cases. Human infections with this virus lead to diverse symptoms ranging between mild flu symptoms to organ failure that ultimately cause fatal pneumonia despite the requirement for molecular testing and viral isolation to confirm diagnosis. Immediate treatment with antiviral drugs zanamivir and oseltamivir provides some therapeutic effect. Prevention methods against bird flu depend primarily on five approaches that combine biosecurity practices, bird vaccinations and the elimination of infected poultry stocks. Economic effects from avian influenza outbreaks result in major poultry sector losses and interruptions to international trading activities. The detection capabilities need improvement alongside readiness levels and additional research about improved vaccines and antiviral treatments stands vital because a pandemic could occur. Global institutions need to continue joint efforts for stopping the expansion of avian influenza and reducing its consequences.

Keywords: H5N1, Avian Influenza, Pathology, Pandemic

Revolutionizing Cancer Treatment: The Role of Nanotechnology in Breast and Colorectal Cancer

2025-03-14T10:30:44+00:00

Cancer remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide, with breast and colorectal cancers among the most prevalent. Despite advancements in conventional treatments such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy, challenges like systemic toxicity, drug resistance, and lack of targeted therapy persist. Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising approach in oncology, offering precise drug delivery, improved bioavailability, and reduced side effects. This review explores the role of nanotechnology in breast and colorectal cancer treatment, focusing on recent advancements in drug delivery, targeted therapy, imaging, and diagnostics. A comprehensive literature review highlights the potential of nanoparticles in enhancing drug solubility, improving tumor targeting, and minimizing systemic toxicity. Additionally, multifunctional nanoparticles have shown promise in delivering chemotherapy, genetic material, and immune-modulating agents with high specificity. Imaging applications using nanoparticles have also advanced early cancer detection and treatment monitoring. While nanotechnology presents transformative potential in oncology, challenges such as biocompatibility, large-scale production, and regulatory approvals must be addressed before widespread clinical application. Continued research and innovation in nanomedicine could lead to more effective and personalized cancer therapies.

Keywords: Nanotechnology, Breast Cancer, Colorectal Cancer, Drug Delivery, Targeted Therapy, Nanomedicine, Nanoparticles, Cancer Imaging, Immunotherapy, Gene Therapy.

Current Perspectives on Cystic Fibrosis: Pathogenesis, Management, and Therapeutic Advances

2025-03-18T10:07:44+00:00

Introduction: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in the CFTR gene, leading to thick mucus buildup that primarily affects the respiratory and digestive systems. It results in chronic lung infections, malabsorption, and reduced life expectancy.

Objectives: This review aims to explore CF’s pathophysiology, genetic basis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic advancements, and emerging treatment strategies.

Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted using peer-reviewed sources from PubMed, NIH, and other medical databases, focusing on CFTR mutations, disease progression, and treatment innovations, including CFTR modulators and gene therapy.

Results & Discussion: Advancements in CF diagnosis, such as newborn screening and genetic testing, enable early detection. Treatments include CFTR modulators, antibiotics, mucolytics, bronchodilators, and enzyme replacement therapy. Non-pharmacological approaches, such as airway clearance techniques and lung transplantation, further improve outcomes. Research in gene editing and personalized medicine offers hope for future breakthroughs.

Conclusion: While CF remains a life-threatening condition, advancements in treatment and early diagnosis have significantly improved patient outcomes. Continued research in gene therapy and precision medicine holds promise for more effective and targeted therapies.

Keywords: Cystic Fibrosis, CFTR, Genetic Disorder, Lung Disease

A Comprehensive Review of Deep Vein Thrombosis: Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Treatment

2025-03-18T10:07:48+00:00

Background: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a serious vascular condition causing blood clots in deep veins, mainly in the lower limbs, with risks of pulmonary embolism, post-thrombotic syndrome, and chronic venous insufficiency. Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, it remains a global health concern. This review explores its etiology, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, and management strategies.

Methods: A systematic review was conducted using PubMed, NIH, CDC, and other medical databases, analyzing peer-reviewed articles, clinical guidelines, and case studies on DVT.

Results and Discussion: DVT results from endothelial damage, venous stasis, and hypercoagulability, increasing the risk of pulmonary embolism. Key risk factors include age, immobility, surgery, cancer, pregnancy, obesity, smoking, and genetic predisposition. Diagnosis involves duplex ultrasonography, D-dimer testing, and CT pulmonary angiography, with the Wells Criteria aiding risk assessment. Treatment includes anticoagulants (LMWH, DOACs, warfarin), with thrombolytics and IVC filters for severe cases. Prevention focuses on mechanical compression, early ambulation, and lifestyle changes to reduce recurrence and improve outcomes.

Conclusion: DVT remains a significant health concern due to its potential complications, including life-threatening pulmonary embolism. Advances in diagnostic imaging and anticoagulant therapy have improved patient outcomes, but challenges remain in optimizing long-term management and recurrence prevention. Future research should focus on personalized treatment approaches, enhanced biomarker identification, and improved prophylactic strategies. A multidisciplinary approach involving early detection, appropriate intervention, and long-term risk management is essential for improving patient prognosis.

Keywords: Deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, thrombolysis