Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research

Emerging Biomarkers in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Comprehensive Narrative Review of Mirna, Lipidomics, and Metabolomics for Early Detection and Diagnosis

Thu, 09 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver diseases globally, affecting about 25% of the population. It ranges from simple steatosis to more severe stages like non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Early detection is crucial to prevent disease progression, but traditional diagnostic tools like liver function tests (LFTs) and biopsies have limitations, including low sensitivity and invasiveness. Recent advancements in non-invasive biomarkers, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), lipidomics, and metabolomics, offer a promising solution for early detection and staging of NAFLD. This review explores the diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility of these emerging biomarkers.

Objectives: To provide a comprehensive overview of the emerging biomarkers—specifically miRNAs, lipidomics, and metabolomics—for the early detection and diagnosis of NAFLD, evaluating their diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility in identifying stages of NAFLD (simple steatosis, NASH, and fibrosis) in comparison to traditional liver function tests.

Methodology: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar for studies published between 2021 and 2024. The search focused on emerging biomarkers for liver injury detection in NAFLD, using terms like "NAFLD biomarkers," "miRNA profiles," "lipidomics," and "metabolomics." The review included original research, cohort, case-control, and diagnostic accuracy studies on miRNAs, lipidomics, and metabolomics in NAFLD. A total of 250 articles were screened, with 8 studies selected based on relevance, methodology, and diagnostic potential. These studies were analyzed for their diagnostic accuracy in distinguishing between different NAFLD stages.

Results: The selected studies demonstrated that miRNAs, lipidomics, and metabolomics are promising non-invasive biomarkers for early detection of NAFLD. MiR-122, miR-21, and miR-29 emerged as reliable miRNA markers for distinguishing between simple steatosis, NASH, and fibrosis, with diagnostic accuracy (AUC) values ranging from 0.79 to 0.82. Lipidomic studies highlighted ceramides, diacylglycerols (DAGs), and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC)(16:0) as key biomarkers, with AUC values of 0.85 to 0.88 in predicting NASH and liver inflammation. Metabolomic profiling identified amino acids, such as glycine, and bile acids as markers of advanced fibrosis and NASH, with diagnostic accuracy values up to 0.81. These biomarkers significantly improve the ability to detect and stage NAFLD compared to traditional tests.

Conclusion: The integration of miRNAs, lipidomics, and metabolomics into NAFLD diagnostics offers a promising non-invasive approach for early detection and staging of the disease. These biomarkers not only provide high diagnostic accuracy but also offer a more comprehensive understanding of disease progression. Further large-scale validation studies are needed to standardize their clinical application and refine diagnostic models for routine use, potentially improving NAFLD management and patient outcomes.

Keywords: Biomarkers, Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, miRNA, Lipidomics, and Metabolomics

A Review on Method Development for the Analysis of Combine Product of Amlodipine Besilate and Rosuvastatin Calcium in Pharmaceutical Dosage form

Praveen Kumar Ashok, Saurabh Pant, Sonu ., Mandeep Limbu — Wed, 15 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Rosuvastatin belongs to the category of statins, used in combination with calcium channel blockers, analgesicsand other class of cardiovascular disease drugs in the treatment of high cholesterol and related conditions to prevent cardiovascular diseases. The clinical and pharmaceutical analysis of these drugs requires effective analytical procedures for quality control, pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies. An extensive survey of the literature published in various analytical and pharmaceutical chemistry related journals has been conducted and the instrumentalmethods which were developed and used for determination of Rosuvastatin in combined dosage forms have been reviewed. This review covers various analytical methods for estimation of Rosuvastatin calcium and Fenofibrate in combined dosage forms, such as spectrophotometry, derivative spectrophotometry and various highperformance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods that were published from 2010 to 2014.

Key Words: Rosuvastatin, Fenofibrate, review, HPLC, Spectrophotometry

Impact on Mental Health Problems during Coxsackievirus Outbreak in the General Public: A Review

Nishtha Singh, Pratishtha Singh, Shraddha Singh — Tue, 14 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Coxsackievirus group B (CVB), a member of the Picornaviridae family and enterovirus genus, poses risks during pregnancy due to its potential to cause severe fetal and neonatal infections. Transmission primarily occurs through fecal–oral routes, with infections peaking mostly in warmer months. Vertical transmission to the fetus can lead to conditions such as myocarditis, encephalitis, and systemic neonatal disease, presenting clinically as severe myocardial syndromes and neurological deficits. Diagnostic challenges include detecting asymptomatic maternal infections and conducting in utero assessments using advanced techniques like RT-PCR from amniotic fluid samples should be encouraged. Morbidity and mortality associated with congenital CVB infections are notable. Current treatments are limited to supportive care, with emerging therapies showing promise but requiring further study for efficacy. Mental health impact due to this virus results in speech development failure and autistic feature. Future research should aim to fill knowledge gaps in epidemiology, improve diagnostic capabilities, and develop targeted interventions to enhance maternal and fetal outcomes and other health issues due to this virus.