Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research

Formulation and Evaluation of Taste-Masked Orally Disintegrating Tablets of a Carboxy Fluoroquinolone Derivative Using Ion-Exchange Resin Technology

Majid . — 2026-05-10

Ciprofloxacin is a broad spectrum antibacterial agent active against gram positive and gram negative organism. It is very bitter in taste. In the present work an attempt has been made to develop taste masked rapid disintegrating tablet of Ciprofloxacin using ion exchange resins (Tulsion 335, Indion 204, Indion 214) as a taste masking agent. Different drug: resin ratios were tried to prepare taste masked complex. Depending upon the taste masking and drug loading efficiency the complex with Tulsion 335 in the 1:1.5 (drug: resin) ratio was selected for the formulation of tablet. FT-IR spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry were used to investigate the physical characteristics of the complex. Tablets were prepared by direct compression technique using three super disintegrants viz. croscarmellose sodium, cross povidone and sodium starch glycolate. The blend was examined for angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density and Hausner’s ratio. Tablets of all batches were tested for various evaluation parameters. Tablets formulated with 4.3% (F9) of croscarmellose sodium showed low disintegration time (19±1.23 sec), wetting time (25±1.75 sec) and friability (0.23±0.13%) than the other batches. The % cumulative release of drug from tablet (F9) was found to be more than 95% within 20 mins. It was concluded from the study that Ciprofloxacin shows optimum drug loading with Tulsion-335. Among different superdisintegrants croscarmellose sodium was found suitable.

Keywords: Ion exchange resin, Ciprofloxacin, Rapid disintegrating tablet, Super disintegrants

Association Between Obesity and Dental Caries: A Narrative Review of Shared Etiological Factors

Priyanka Kotak — 2026-05-31

Obesity and dental caries are two of the most common chronic health problems affecting people of all age groups across the world. In recent years, increasing attention has been given to the possible relationship between body weight and oral health. Although obesity and dental caries are distinct conditions, they share several common risk factors, including unhealthy dietary habits, frequent consumption of sugary foods and beverages, physical inactivity, and poor lifestyle practices. Obesity may further compromise oral health by altering salivary composition, increasing inflammation, and negatively influencing routine health behaviours. Many studies have explored this association; however, the findings remain controversial, with some reporting a positive relationship while others show little or no association. This review article aims to discuss the link between obesity and dental caries, explain the possible mechanisms linking the two conditions, and emphasise preventive strategies based on a common risk-factor approach.

Keywords: Obesity, Dental Caries, Sugar Consumption, Oral Health, Body Mass Index, Common Risk Factor Approach.

Evaluation of the Anti-Diabetic and Renoprotective Effects of Enicostemma Littorale Whole Plant Extract in Fructose-Induced Insulin Resistance Model in Rats

Vipul Raj — 2026-05-21

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia resulting from impaired insulin secretion, action, or both, leading to severe complications such as diabetic nephropathy. Despite the availability of synthetic antidiabetic drugs, their limitations, including adverse effects and incomplete control of complications, necessitate the exploration of safer and more effective alternatives. Medicinal plants have emerged as promising therapeutic agents due to their bioactive phytochemicals with multifaceted pharmacological properties. This study focuses on evaluating the efficacy of Enicostemma littorale, a traditionally used medicinal herb, in improving insulin sensitivity and providing renal protection in fructose-induced insulin-resistant rat models. The plant is rich in bioactive constituents such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolics, and terpenoids, which contribute to its antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. The proposed work includes extraction, phytochemical screening, in vitro antioxidant assessment, and in vivo evaluation of biochemical parameters such as blood glucose, insulin levels, lipid profile, and histopathological examination of kidney tissues. Evidence from previous studies suggests that Enicostemma littorale enhances insulin secretion, reduces oxidative stress, inhibits inflammatory pathways, and improves renal function markers. Therefore, this study aims to validate the dual therapeutic potential of Enicostemma littorale in managing type 2 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy, providing a scientific basis for its future development as a safe, plant-based therapeutic agent.

Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin Resistance, Diabetic Nephropathy, Enicostemma littorale, Phytochemicals, Antidiabetic Activity, Renoprotection, Oxidative Stress, Herbal Medicine, Antioxidant Activity.

Oleogels in Pharmaceutical Sciences: A Comprehensive Review

Ashish Jangir — 2026-05-16

Oleogels are gel-based semisolid systems that exhibit desirable rheological, physical, and chemical stability, making them highly suitable for formulation development. They have wide-ranging applications in the cosmetic, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical industries. In the pharmaceutical field, oleogels are extensively utilized in topical drug delivery systems and as oil-based gel formulations, particularly for pediatric applications due to their versatility and ease of administration. Oleogels are non-crystalline, thermoreversible, viscoelastic systems composed of a lipophilic liquid phase, such as mineral oils, vegetable oils, or isopropyl myristate, structured by suitable gelling agents known as organogelators. These organogelators form a three-dimensional network through self-assembly and physical interactions, which entraps the liquid phase within the system. Due to their lipophilic nature, oleogels enhance drug penetration through the stratum corneum, thereby improving therapeutic efficacy in topical applications. Additionally, these systems are resistant to moisture and often do not require stabilizers or preservatives, offering an advantage over conventional hydrophilic gels. This article focuses on the components, formulation strategies, and recent advancements in oleogel-based products, highlighting their significant role and growing importance in pharmaceutical applications.

Keywords: Oleogels, Oleogelators, Gel-network Crystallization, Organogelators, Pharmaceutical Applications.

A Review on Pharmaceutical Cocrystals of Luliconazole for Solubility Enhancement

Rithik Yadav — 2026-05-16

Poor aqueous solubility is still a major issue in the development of many pharmaceutical drugs, especially those comes under the BCS Class II. Luliconazole is one such antifungal drug. It shows good permeability, but its low solubility often limits how effectively it works in therapy. Because of this, improving its solubility becomes quite important from a formulation point of view. Luliconazole is a potent imidazole class antifungal drug used in treatment of fungal infections such as superficial mycoses. But its poor solubility makes its clinical performance less effective. Therefore, in recent years pharmaceutical cocrystallization has been innovated by the researchers to enhance the activity of luliconazole. This review focuses on the basic principles of pharmaceutical cocrystals including their formation, different methods of preparation, and their role in enhancing drug performance. Thus, recent studies (2022–2026) have shown that advanced delivery systems such as nanosuspensions, nanoemulsions, and vesicular carriers significantly enhance the solubility and antifungal efficacy of luliconazole. The fumaric acid cocrystals has been explored to overcome this limitation of luliconazole. With studies reporting up to 12-fold increase in solubility and more than 90% drug release in optimized formulations. They also help in improving solubility, dissolution rate & hence increasing bioavailability & its efficacy. Overall, the formulation of luliconazole fumaric acid cocrystal offers improved performance & outcome in treatment of superficial mycoses and other fungal infections.

Keywords: Luliconazole, Cocrystals, Solubility enhancement, Coformers.

Formulation and Evaluation of Sustained Release Matrix Tablets Using Natural Rate-Controlling Polymer

Akanksha Rathore — 2026-05-14

Background: Metformin Hydrochloride (HCl), the first-line pharmacological agent for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus(T2DM), is classified as a BCS Class III drug with high aqueous solubility but poor intestinal permeability, oralbioavailability of 50–60%, and a narrow upper gastrointestinal absorption window mediated by saturable organic cationtransporter 1 (OCT1). Conventional immediate-release tablets necessitate thrice-daily dosing, resulting in pronouncedpeak-and-trough plasma fluctuations, gastrointestinal adverse events, and suboptimal patient compliance.

Objective: To develop and evaluate sustained release (SR) hydrophilic matrix tablets of Metformin HCl using isolatedFenugreek seed mucilage (Trigonella foenum-graecum) at varying concentrations (10–40% w/w), and to identify theoptimized formulation achieving target release of ≤30% at 1 h and ≥80% at 12 h.

Methods: Fenugreek seed mucilage was extracted by aqueous boiling and acetone precipitation and characterized forphysicochemical and micromeritic properties. Four tablet batches (F1–F4) were prepared by wet granulation withmucilage concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% w/w. Tablets were evaluated for preformulation compatibility(FTIR, DSC), pre-compression flow properties, post-compression pharmacopoeial parameters, in vitro swelling index, invitro drug release (USP Type II, phosphate buffer pH 6.8, 12 h), drug release kinetic modeling, and accelerated stabilitytesting (40°C/75% RH, 3 months, ICH Q1A(R2)).

Results: FTIR and DSC confirmed physicochemical compatibility between Metformin HCl and all excipients.Calibration curve in phosphate buffer pH 6.8 (λmax 233 nm) was linear over 2–20 µg/mL (y = 0.0412x + 0.0028, R² =0.9996). All batches complied with pharmacopoeial quality tests: hardness 5.4–6.6 kg/cm², friability 0.32–0.68%, drugcontent 98.2–100.4%. Batch F4 (40% w/w mucilage) was the optimized formulation, exhibiting maximum swelling indexof 508.3 ± 7.2% at 12 h, drug release of 19.8% at 1 h and 85.2% at 12 h, and anomalous non-Fickian transport(Korsmeyer–Peppas n = 0.62, R² = 0.999). Accelerated stability confirmed drug content of 98.7 ± 1.0% and unchangeddissolution profile (f₂ ≥ 50) over three months.

Conclusion: Fenugreek seed mucilage at 40% w/w functions as an effective, biodegradable, and economically viablenatural polymer for developing once-daily SR matrix tablets of Metformin HCl, offering a promising green alternative tosynthetic polymers such as HPMC for high-dose BCS Class III formulations.

Keywords: Metformin Hydrochloride, sustained release, fenugreek seed mucilage, galactomannan, hydrophilic matrixtablet, wet granulation, Korsmeyer–Peppas, anomalous transport, natural polymer, BCS Class III.

A Comprehensive Review on Liquid Suspension Containing Guar Gum

Banti Singh — 2026-05-14

Guar gum, a naturally occurring galactomannan polysaccharide derived from the seeds of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, has emerged as a highly functional excipient in liquid pharmaceutical suspensions. Its unique capacity to form highly viscous, pseudoplastic solutions at low concentrations makes it an attractive suspending agent, thickener, and stabilizer in oral liquid dosage forms. Growing research interest in natural-based excipients driven by safety concerns over synthetic polymers has elevated the significance of guar gum in formulation science. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the introduction, need for study, key features, mechanism of drug release, applications, limitations, and formulation and evaluation parameters of liquid suspensions containing guar gum. The article is intended to serve as a useful reference for pharmaceutical researchers and formulation scientists working with natural polymers.

Keywords: Guar gum; liquid suspension; natural polymer; galactomannan; suspending agent; drug release; colon-targeted delivery; pseudoplastic; pharmaceutical excipient; controlled release.

Natural–Synthetic Binary Superdisintegrant Systems in Orodispersible Tablets

Jakki Imam — 2026-05-14

Fexofenadine hydrochloride is a second-generation, non-sedating H1-receptor antagonist prescribed for seasonal allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria. Despite BCS Class III status with high solubility and low permeability, conventional tablets have Tmax of 1–3 hours and require water for swallowing, which delays symptom relief and limits use in pediatric, geriatric, and dysphagic patients. Fast dissolving tablets (FDTs) that disintegrate within 30 seconds in the oral cavity without water enable rapid onset via pregastric absorption and improve compliance. This review analyzes formulation of fexofenadine HCl FDTs using a binary superdisintegrant system of natural mucilage from Plantago ovata, Lepidium sativum, Moringa oleifera, or Ocimum basilicum and synthetic crospovidone. Natural mucilage provides rapid water uptake and three-dimensional swelling with swelling index 15–25 mL/g, generating disruptive hydrostatic force, while crospovidone functions by wicking with high capillary activity and porosity, ensuring water penetration without gel formation. The synergistic combination at 4–10% w/w mucilage plus 2–8% w/w crospovidone achieves disintegration time 12–28 seconds, wetting time under 40 seconds, and more than 90% drug release in 5 minutes. Direct compression with mannitol as cooling diluent, microcrystalline cellulose PH 102 as binder, aspartame as sweetener, magnesium stearate as lubricant, and talc as glidant produces tablets with hardness 3–4 kg/cm² and friability below 0.8%. Bitter taste of fexofenadine is masked by a mannitol–aspartame–menthol combination. Challenges of mucilage hygroscopicity, microbial load, and batch variation are addressed through co-processing, moisture control below 10%, and gamma irradiation. QbD via 3² factorial design identifies mucilage: crospovidone ratio and compression force as critical parameters. This natural–synthetic binary system meets IP 2022 and USFDA FDT criteria and offers a cost-effective, biocompatible platform for rapid management of allergic symptoms.

Keywords: Fexofenadine HCl; Fast dissolving tablets; Natural mucilage; Crospovidone; Binary superdisintegrants; Plantago ovata; Taste masking; Allergy.

A Review of Rational Design of Once-Daily Glipizide Sustained-Release Matrix Tablets

Rahul Kumawat — 2026-05-14

Type II diabetes mellitus affects over 537 million adults globally, with glipizide remaining a widely prescribed second-generation sulfonylurea. Despite 100% oral bioavailability, glipizide exhibits a short elimination half-life of 2–4.7 hours, high plasma protein binding of 98–99%, and pH-dependent solubility, necessitating 2–3 times daily dosing. This dosing frequency causes peak–trough plasma fluctuations, increasing hypoglycemia risk and reducing patient compliance. Sustained-release (SR) matrix tablets provide a rational solution by maintaining therapeutic plasma concentrations for 12–24 hours with once-daily dosing. This review critically evaluates the formulation and evaluation of glipizide SR matrix tablets, focusing on the mechanistic roles of HPMC K100M and Eudragit RSPO, excipient functionality (advantages and disadvantages), formulation optimization strategies, and recent advances from 2015–2025. Optimized HPMC K100M: Eudragit RSPO blends at 2:1 ratios combined with a 1:1 Lactose: DCP ratio achieve zero-order release over 12–16 hours with f₂ >50 against marketed Glucotrol XL. Challenges of burst release, over-lubrication, and IVIVC establishment are discussed.

Keywords: Glipizide; Sustained release; Matrix tablets; HPMC K100M; Eudragit RSPO; Type II diabetes; Hydrophilic matrix.

A Review of Rational Design of Fast Dissolving Tablets Using Binary Superdisintegrants: Isabgol Mucilage and Crospovidone

Shubham Chawla — 2026-05-14

Dysphagia affects approximately 15–22% of the global population, with substantially higher prevalence among pediatric (20–30%), geriatric (35–40%), and institutionalized patients (up to 60%), representing a major barrier to oral drug administration. Fast dissolving tablets (FDTs) provide a rational pharmaceutical solution by disintegrating in the oral cavity within 30–60 seconds without requiring water or chewing. Despite advances in superdisintegrant technology, single-agent systems face limitations including inconsistent disintegration times (>45 seconds) and suboptimal drug release profiles (<85% in 15 minutes). Binary superdisintegrant systems combining mechanistically distinct agents offer synergistic performance improvements. This review critically evaluates FDT formulation using Isabgol mucilage (Plantago ovata Forsk.) and crospovidone as binary superdisintegrants, focusing on mechanistic synergy, excipient functionality (advantages and disadvantages), formulation optimization strategies, and cardiovascular drug applications (amlodipine besylate, carvedilol). Optimized Isabgol:crospovidone blends at 1:1 to 2:1 ratios achieve disintegration times of 7–11 seconds with >98% drug release in 15 minutes. The sublimation technique using camphor as a complementary manufacturing strategy, fast dissolving films as an allied dosage form, and stability considerations under ICH guidelines are also discussed. Challenges of moisture sensitivity, batch-to-batch variability of natural excipients, taste masking, and manufacturing scalability are addressed.

Keywords: Fast dissolving tablets; Isabgol mucilage; Crospovidone; Binary superdisintegrants; Plantago ovata; Orally disintegrating tablets; Sublimation technique; Fast dissolving films; Amlodipine besylate; Carvedilol; Patient compliance.

Nanostructured Lipid Carriers of Econazole as a Strategy to Overcome Antifungal Resistance in Deep Skin Mycoses

Vikash Ghosalya — 2026-05-14

Aim: This review evaluates nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) loaded with econazole nitrate as an advanced strategy to overcome antifungal resistance in deep skin mycoses.

Methodology: Literature from 2020–2026 on antifungal resistance, nanoparticle engineering, and AI/QbD-based formulation was critically analyzed.

Results: NLCs improved econazole solubility, skin penetration, encapsulation efficiency, and sustained release while bypassing fungal resistance mechanisms and biofilm barriers. AI and QbD approaches further optimized formulation development.

Conclusion: Econazole-loaded NLCs offer a promising nanotechnological platform for effective management of resistant deep skin fungal infections.

Keywords: Nanostructured Lipid Carriers, Econazole Nitrate, Deep Skin Mycoses, Antifungal Resistance, Biofilms, Dermal Drug Delivery.

A Research on “Clinical Outcomes, Compliance, and Toxicity of Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) in Locally Advanced Buccal Mucosa Cancer - A Prospective Observational Study

Muskan Rattan — 2026-05-12

Buccal mucosa carcinoma constitutes a prominent subsite of oral squamous cell carcinoma and is disproportionately encountered in South Asia populations, largely due to habitual exposure to areca nut, tobacco, and betel quid. A considerable number of patients are diagnosed at a locally advanced stage, at which point surgical intervention is frequently rendered impractical. In such scenarios, concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT), involving the integration of external beam radiotherapy with platinum-based systemic agents, is widely adopted as a definitive or organ-preserving therapeutic strategy. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of this approach is often influenced by treatment-induced toxicities and interruptions, particularly under real-world clinical conditions. Prospectively collected evidence focusing specifically on locally advanced buccal mucosa cancer (LABMC) remains sparse. This review consolidates available data on clinical outcomes, treatment compliance, and toxicity patterns associated with CCRT in locally advanced buccal mucosa cancer thereby highlighting the necessity for focused prospective observational evaluations.

Keywords: Buccal mucosa carcinoma, concurrent chemoradiotherapy, locally advanced disease, platinum compounds, treatment adherence, toxicity spectrum, therapeutic outcomes, and prospective observation.

Formulation Development and Evaluation of Fast Dissolving Tablets of Telmisartan

Amir Ali — 2026-05-12

Present investigation was undertaken with a view to develop fast dissolving tablets of Telmisartan which offers a newrange of product having desired characteristics and intended benefits. Fast dissolving tablets of Telmisartan using varioussuperdisintegrants such as Sodium Starch Glycolate (SSG), Crosspovidone (CP) and Crosscarmellose sodium (CCS) wereformulated by direct compression method and evaluated for physicochemical parameters, content uniformity, in vitrorelease and stability studies. All the formulation batches showed drug release in the range of 98.6% - 100.6% within 20 min. Disintegration time of all batches was less than 1 min. The best formulation F6 containing 5% CP and 2.5% â-cyclodextrin exhibited 98.8% drug release within 15 min and disintegration time of 13 sec. The formulation F6 was found to be stable at accelerated conditions of temperature and humidity (40^oC and 75% RH). Fast dissolving tablets containing crosspovidone (5%) was found to give best results for in vitro disintegration and dissolution. Moreover, addition of â-cyclodextrin (2.5% w/w) might have enhanced swelling of tablet, thereby decreasing the disintegration time and increasedwettability and dispersability of tablets leading to improved dissolution.

Keywords: Crosscarmellose sodium; Crosspovidone; sodium starch Glycolate; â-Cyclodextrin; direct compression.

Formulation and Factorial Optimization of a Sulfate Free Polyherbal Anti Dandruff Shampoo Employing Plant Derived Saponins

Prabha Kumari — 2026-05-01

Conventional anti‑dandruff shampoos are predominantly based on anionic sulfates such as sodium lauryl sulfate, which provide strong detergency and foam but can disrupt the scalp barrier, increase transepidermal water loss and aggravate irritation during long‑term use. In contrast, consumer demand is shifting toward herbal, sulfate‑free products that offer milder cleansing and improved biocompatibility without compromising performance. In response to this need, the present investigation proposes a sulfate‑free polyherbal anti‑dandruff shampoo in which plant‑derived saponins from Sapindus mukorossi (Reetha) and Acacia concinna (Shikakai) function as true biosurfactants, providing cleansing and foaming while helping maintain scalp pH. The formulation further integrates tea tree oil, neem and tulsi extracts as antifungal and anti‑inflammatory agents, and uses xanthan–guar gum as a natural rheology system to achieve acceptable viscosity, shear‑thinning behaviour and conditioning feel. A structured formulation strategy employing factorial design will be used to optimize the ratio of saponins and gums, followed by comprehensive evaluation including pH, viscosity, surface tension, foam characteristics, cleansing efficiency, protein denaturation, and comparison with a marketed sulfate‑based shampoo. Accelerated stability studies at elevated temperature and humidity will assess physical and functional robustness.

Keywords: Sulfate‑free polyherbal anti‑dandruff shampoo; Sapindus mukorossi; Acacia concinna; Tea tree oil; Neem; Tulsi; Plant saponins; Biosurfactant‑based cleansing; Xanthan–guar gum; Malassezia dandruff.

Evaluation of Anti-Diabetic Activity of the Combined Extract of Gurmar Leaves and Lemon Peel in Streptozocin Induced Diabetic Rats

Sweety Biswas — 2026-05-10

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The increasing prevalence of diabetes and the adverse effects associated with long-term use of synthetic anti-diabetic drugs have encouraged the search for safer and more effective herbal alternatives. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-diabetic activity of the combined extract of Gurmar leaves (Gymnema sylvestre) and Lemon peel (Citrus limon) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The plant materials werecollected, authenticated, shade dried, and subjected to extraction using suitable solvents. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the combined extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, saponins, phenolic compounds, and terpenoids, which are known to possess significant pharmacological activities. Acute oral toxicity studies were performed according to OECD guidelines and the extract was found to be safe at the selected dose levels.Experimental diabetes was induced in Wistar rats using streptozotocin (STZ). The animals were divided into different groups including normal control, diabetic control, standard drug-treated group, and extract-treated groups receiving low and high doses of the combined extract. Treatment was continued for the specified experimental period and various biochemical parameters were evaluated, including blood glucose level, body weight, lipid profile, liver function markers, and antioxidant parameters. The results demonstrated that administration of the combined extract significantly reduced blood glucose levels in diabetic rats when compared with the diabetic control group. The extract also improved body weight, restored altered lipid parameters, and showed beneficial effects on antioxidant enzyme levels. Histopathological examination of pancreatic tissue revealed partial regeneration and protection of β-cells in extract-treated groups. The anti-diabetic effect of the combined extract may be attributed to the synergistic action of bioactive phytoconstituents present in Gymnema sylvestre and Citrus limon, which possess antioxidant and pancreatic protective properties. The study concludes that the combined extract of Gurmar leaves and Lemon peel exhibits significant anti-diabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and may serve as a promising natural therapeutic agent for the management of diabetes mellitus. Further studies are required to isolate the active constituents and establish the exact mechanism of action.

Microsponge-Based Topical Drug Delivery System for Acne Vulgaris: Formulation, Optimization and Evaluation

Prashant Kumar Pandey — 2026-05-10

Background: Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the pilosebaceous unit characterized by comedones, papules, pustules, nodules, and cysts. It affects a large proportion of adolescents and adults and has significant psychological and social impact. Conventional topical therapies often show limitations such as poor drug penetration, skin irritation, and frequent dosing requirements.

Objective: The present study aims to formulate and evaluate a microsponge-based topical gel containing anti-acne drugs to achieve controlled drug release, enhanced skin deposition, improved therapeutic efficacy, and reduced side effects compared to conventional formulations.

Materials and Methods: Microsponges were prepared using techniques such as quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion, employing polymers like ethyl cellulose. The selected drugs, nicotinamide and clindamycin phosphate, were incorporated due to their anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. The optimized microsponges were further incorporated into a Carbopol gel base.

The formulation was evaluated for:

Results: The microsponge-based gel demonstrated: Controlled and sustained drug release, Improved penetration into the pilosebaceous unit, Enhanced antimicrobial activity against acne-causing bacteria, Reduced irritation and side effects compared to conventional formulations, Good physicochemical stability and patient acceptability

Conclusion: The developed microsponge-loaded topical gel represents a novel and effective drug delivery system for acne treatment. It offers improved therapeutic outcomes, better patient compliance, and reduced adverse effects, making it a promising alternative to conventional anti-acne formulations.

Keywords: Acne vulgaris; Microsponges; Nicotinamide; Clindamycin phosphate; Topical gel; Controlled drug delivery.

Formulation and Evaluation Controlled Release Solid Lipid Microparticles of Antihypertensive Drug

Rahul Sharma — 2026-05-10

Objective: To prepare and optimize solid dispersion of isradipine, an antihypertensive drug with poor aqueous solubility using two different methods, namely, solvent evaporation and fusion.

Methods: Twenty-two formulas of isradipine solid dispersion were prepared using one of the following carriers: Poloxamer 407 (PXM 407), Polyethylene Glycol 4000 (PEG 4000), Polyethylene Glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) and urea atdifferent carrier-to-drug ratios. The produced solid dispersion formulations were evaluated for their percentage yield, drugcontent, solubility, and in vitro dissolution. Further investigations were performed for the selected formula; these include Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD) studies to evaluate the crystalline state ofthe drug. Besides Fourier Transformation Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was conducted to evaluate drug-carriercompatibility.

Results: The results of this study showed that all the prepared formulas resulted in improvement in saturation solubility. Run 14 (which consists of PXM 407: isradipine in a 5:1 ratio) demonstrated a substantial increase in solubility, resulting in approximately 16 times higher solubility than the pure drug. The results of DSC and PXRD studies demonstrated complete dispersion of the drug in the carrier or amorphization of the drug. Furthermore, FTIR results indicated drug-carrier compatibility.

Conclusion: From this study, it was evident that solid dispersion of isradipine in the previously mentioned carriers is an effective and efficient method to enhance its solubility. The best solubility enhancement and release profile was observed in run 14 (which combines PXM 407: isradipine in a 5:1 ratio), which was selected as the optimum formula.

Keywords: Poloxamer 407, Isradipine, Dissolution rate, Solubility, Solid dispersion, polymer, Solvent evaporation.

Comparative Neuroprotective Study on Scopolamine-Induced Alzheimer’s-Like Cognitive Deficits in Rats

Anil Sharma — 2026-05-10

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss, cognitive impairment, oxidative stress, and cholinergic dysfunction. The present study was designed to evaluate and compare the neuroprotective effects of Bacopa monnieri and Centella asiatica against scopolamine-induced Alzheimer’s-like cognitive deficits in rats. Wistar rats were divided into seven groups, including normal control, scopolamine control, standard drug-treated (donepezil), and treatment groups receiving low and high doses of Bacopa monnieri and Centella asiatica. Cognitive function was assessed using the Morris Water Maze (MWM) and Y-Maze tests. Biochemical parameters such as acetylcholinesterase (AChE), lipid peroxidation (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), and total protein were estimated. Histopathological examination of brain tissue was also performed. Scopolamine administration resulted in significant cognitive impairment, increased AChE activity and lipid peroxidation, and decreased antioxidant enzyme levels and total protein, confirming induction of Alzheimer-like pathology. Treatment with both plant extracts significantly improved behavioral performance, reduced AChE activity and MDA levels, and restored antioxidant enzymes and protein levels in a dose-dependent manner. Histopathological findings revealed reduced neuronal degeneration and improved brain architecture in treated groups. Comparative evaluation indicated that Bacopa monnieri exhibited superior neuroprotective activity compared to Centella asiatica, particularly at higher doses, with results comparable to the standard drug donepezil. In conclusion, the findings suggest that both Bacopa monnieri and Centella asiatica possess significant neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing properties, with Bacopa monnieri emerging as a more potent therapeutic candidate for the management of Alzheimer’s disease.

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, Bacopa monnieri, Centella asiatica, Scopolamine, Neuroprotection, Antioxidant, Memory.

Review of Comparative Renoprotective Study of Allium Cepa (Bulb) and Clerodendrum Serratum (Root) Extracts in Experimental Animal Model

Md. Mahtab Alam — 2026-05-10

The present study was designed to evaluate and compare the renoprotective activity of methanolic extracts of Allium cepa(bulb) and Clerodendrum serratum (root) against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats. The plant materials were collected, authenticated, shade dried, powdered, and extracted using methanol. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of important bioactive constituents. Acute oral toxicity studies performed according to OECD guideline 423 indicated that both extracts were safe at the selected dose levels. Experimental nephrotoxicity was induced by administration of gentamicin (80 mg/kg/day, i.p.) for 7 consecutive days. Animals were divided into seven groups consisting of normal control, toxic control, standard drug-treated group, and extract-treated groups receiving low and high doses of Allium cepa and Clerodendrum serratum. Renoprotective activity was evaluated using biochemical, antioxidant, electrolyte, and histopathological parameters. Treatment with methanolic extracts of Allium cepa and Clerodendrum serratum significantly restored renal biochemical markers, corrected electrolyte imbalance, reduced lipid peroxidation, and improved antioxidant enzyme levels when compared with the toxic control group. Histopathological studies further confirmed the protective effect of the extracts by showing marked restoration of renal architecture and reduction of tissue damage. Among the two plants, Clerodendrum serratum demonstrated comparatively greater renoprotective activity, particularly at the higher dose level, which may be attributed to its broader phytochemical composition including alkaloids and saponins in addition to flavonoids and phenolic compounds. The findings of the present study conclude that both Allium cepa and Clerodendrum serratum possess significant renoprotective activity against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity, primarily mediated through antioxidant and cytoprotective mechanisms.

Keywords: Allium cepa, Clerodendrum serratum, Gentamicin, Nephrotoxicity, Renoprotective activity, Antioxidant, Wistar rats, Histopathology.

Formulation and Evaluation of Oral Thin Film of Betahistine Dihydrochloride

Vikash Sharma — 2026-05-10

Oral route of medication, many substitutes have reliably been presented by including progressing novel headways for paediatrics, geriatrics, nauseous and resistance patients. Bio adhesive mucosal estimation structures including tablets, gels and fixes are after effects of mechanical new development. Orally disintegrating films (ODF) has one of the most famous types of medication administration because of its superb patient comfort and consistence. It very well may be put on the tongue without the need of water. Contrasted with ordinary oral measurements structures, ODFs typically bring aboutimproved bioavailability with quicker onset of activity. Oral strip innovation gives a backup way to go to drugs with firstpass digestion. This survey gives subtleties of materials utilized in ODF, fabricating perspectives, advances, and assessmenttests.

Keywords: Oral disintegrating films, Bioavailability, Disintegration, conventional oral dosage forms, first pass metabolism.

Formulation Development and Evaluation of Sustained Release Tablets of Anti Diabetic Drug

Pooja . — 2026-05-10

Aim: The present research work was to design and develop the sustained release matrix tablets of vildagliptin. It is having a short biological half-life (1.5 h) so it is considered as a suitable drug for the formulation of sustained release tablets to prolong its therapeutic action. Vildagliptin is an oral antihyperglycemic agent of the new dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor class of drug.

Materials and Methods: Matrix tablets were prepared by wet granulation technique, using synthetic and natural polymers at different ratios. Granules were prepared and evaluated for bulk density, tapped density, Hausner’s ratio, compressibility index.

Statistical Analysis Used: The Fourier-transform infrared spectra of the vildagliptin and different polymers alone and in a combination show the compatibility of the drug with excipients.

Results: The physicochemical properties of tablets were found within the limits. The prepared tablets were evaluated for weight variation, thickness, hardness, % friability, % drug contents, and in vitro release. In vitro dissolution studies (USP dissolution rate test apparatus II, 50 rpm, 37°C ± 0.5°C) was carried out for the first 2 h in 0.1 N HCl (1.2 pH) and followed 6.8 phosphate buffer for 10 h as a dissolution medium.

Conclusion: The optimized formulation F-8 was shown maximum drug release 97.56 ± 0.72% in 12 h of dissolution. The release kinetic data of formulation F-8 shown zero order (R2 = 9902).

Keywords: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, kinetics, SR Matrix, vildagliptin, wet granulation.

A Review on Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Preparation Methods, Evaluation, and Therapeutic Potential

Mamta Saini — 2026-05-08

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) have emerged as a promising nanocarrier system in modern drug delivery, offering improved bioavailability, controlled drug release, and enhanced therapeutic efficacy. These colloidal carriers, composed of biocompatible solid lipids stabilized by surfactants, overcome the limitations associated with traditional delivery systems such as liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles. SLN provide advantages including reduced toxicity, enhanced stability, and the ability to encapsulate both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. This review comprehensively discusses the structural models, formulation components, preparation techniques, and physicochemical characterization of SLN. It further highlights their wide-ranging therapeutic applications in oncology, infectious diseases, central nervous system disorders, cosmetics, and gene delivery. Despite challenges such as drug expulsion, limited drug loading, and scale-up issues, recent advancements including nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), stimuli-responsive systems, and AI-driven formulation design have significantly improved their performance. Overall, SLN represent a versatile and efficient platform for next-generation drug delivery and translational nanomedicine

Keywords: Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN), Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC), Controlled Drug Delivery, Nanotechnology, Drug Loading, Targeted Drug Delivery, Biocompatible Lipids, Pharmacokinetics.

Pharmacological Evaluation of Neuroprotective Potential of Nelumbo Nucifera (Red Flower) Extract in Experimental Alzheimer’s Disease in Rats

Alphesh Jagetiya — 2026-05-08

Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline, memory impairment, cholinergic dysfunction, and oxidative stress. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the neuroprotective potential of the red flower extract of Nelumbo nucifera in an aluminium chloride (AlCl₃)-induced experimental model of Alzheimer’s disease in Wistar albino rats. The red flower extract was prepared and subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening, which revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, tannins, glycosides, saponins, and terpenoids. An acute oral toxicity study conducted according to OECD guidelines demonstrated that the extract was safe up to 2000 mg/kg body weight. Based on this, doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg were selected for the study. The animals were divided into six groups, including normal control, disease control, standard drug-treated group, and extract-treated groups. Cognitive function was assessed using the Morris Water Maze and Y-maze tests. The disease control group showed significant impairment in learning and memory, whereas treatment with Nelumbo nucifera extract significantly improved cognitive performance in a dose-dependent manner. Biochemical estimations revealed that aluminium chloride administration significantly increased acetylcholinesterase activity and lipid peroxidation (MDA levels), while decreasing antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and reduced glutathione. Treatment with Nelumbo nucifera extract significantly reversed these alterations, indicating restoration of cholinergic function and antioxidant defense. The extract also improved total protein levels, suggesting protection of neuronal integrity. Among the tested doses, the 400 mg/kg dose exhibited maximum neuroprotective effect and showed results comparable to the standard drug Donepezil. The observed effects may be attributed to the presence of bioactive phytoconstituents with antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory properties. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that Nelumbo nucifera red flower extract possesses significant neuroprotective and anti-Alzheimer activity. It may serve as a promising natural therapeutic agent for the management of Alzheimer’s disease. Further studies are required to elucidate its mechanism of action and clinical applicability.

Keywords: Nelumbo nucifera; Neuroprotection; Alzheimer’s disease; Acetylcholinesterase inhibition

A Review on Fast Dissolving Tablets Using Natural Superdisintegrants

Abid Hussain — 2026-05-01

Fast dissolving tablets (FDTs) are an advanced oral drug delivery system designed to disintegrate rapidly in the oral cavity without the need for water. They offer significant advantages in improving patient compliance, especially among pediatric, geriatric, and dysphagic patients who face difficulty in swallowing conventional tablets. The rapid disintegration of FDTs is mainly attributed to the presence of superdisintegrants, which facilitate quick tablet breakup upon contact with saliva. Natural superdisintegrants have gained increasing attention as alternatives to synthetic agents due to their biodegradability, low toxicity, cost-effectiveness, and eco-friendly nature. Various natural materials such as Plantago ovata, Lepidium sativum, fenugreek mucilage, and guar gum have shown excellent swelling and disintegration properties. This review highlights the formulation approaches, mechanisms of action, preparation methods, and evaluation parameters of FDTs. It also discusses their wide applications in different therapeutic areas along with challenges such as stability issues, moisture sensitivity, and scale-up difficulties. Overall, natural superdisintegrants provide a promising and sustainable approach for developing efficient and patient-friendly fast dissolving tablets.

Keywords: Fast dissolving tablets, Natural superdisintegrants, Oral drug delivery, Rapid disintegration, Patient compliance, Bioavailability, Tablet formulation, Mucilage

Formulation and Evaluation of a Polyherbal Anti Acne Emulgel Containing Tea Tree Oil, Neem Oil and Aloe Vera

Akshay Gurnani — 2026-05-01

Topical therapy remains central to acne management, yet many conventional creams, ointments and gels can aggravate dryness and irritation in already compromised skin, which reduces comfort and adherence. Emulgels, produced by gelling an oil in water emulsion, offer a non-greasy, washable and physically stable vehicle that can solubilize lipophilic actives and improve their penetration into pilosebaceous units. Polyherbal emulgels further combine multiple plant derived actives in a single carrier, allowing complementary antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and soothing actions that are attractive for long term use in acne prone skin. The proposed work will focus on a tri herbal emulgel incorporating tea tree oil, neem oil and Aloe vera in a Carbopol based emulgel system, designed through a structured formulation strategy including selection of surfactant system and viscosity optimization. The formulation will be evaluated for appearance, pH, spreadability, viscosity, drug content, in vitro antimicrobial activity and stability under accelerated conditions.

Keywords: Polyherbal emulgel; Anti acne topical formulation; Tea tree oil; Neem oil; Aloe vera.